What Languages Are Spoken in Canada? It’s More Than You Think

Moving to Canada as a U.S. expat is an exciting adventure, but it’s natural to wonder: what languages are spoken in Canada, and how might this affect your daily life? Whether you’re planning a short-term assignment or a long-term relocation, understanding Canada’s linguistic landscape is key to a smooth transition. 

In this guide, we’ll break down the essentials of Canada’s official languages, explore where English and French are most commonly spoken, and highlight what you need to know if you’re considering a move to Quebec. Let’s make sure you feel confident and prepared—no matter where in Canada you land.

Canada’s two official languages: English and French

Canada is officially bilingual, recognizing both English and French at the federal level. This means that government services, official documents, and public communications are available in both languages across the country. But what does this mean for U.S. expats in practical terms?

English is the most widely spoken language in Canada, used by about 75% of the population as their first language. You’ll find English is the primary language in most provinces and territories, making it easy for U.S. expats to navigate daily life, work, and social situations in much of the country.

French is the first language for roughly 22% of Canadians, with the vast majority of French speakers living in the province of Quebec. French is also spoken in parts of New Brunswick, Ontario, and Manitoba. Even outside these regions, you’ll notice French on product labels, road signs, and in federal government offices.

What does this mean for you as a U.S. expat?

• Day-to-day life: In most of Canada, you can comfortably get by with English. However, some knowledge of French can be helpful, especially if you plan to travel or work in bilingual regions.
• Official matters: You have the right to access federal services in either English or French, regardless of where you live.
• Cultural enrichment: Embracing both languages can open doors to new friendships, cultural experiences, and professional opportunities.

Regional language distribution: Where English and French dominate

While Canada is officially bilingual, the reality on the ground varies significantly by region. Here’s what U.S. expats should expect in different parts of the country:

English-dominant regions

• Western Canada (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba): English is overwhelmingly the language of daily life, business, and education.
• Ontario (outside of some eastern areas): English is the primary language, especially in major cities like Toronto and Ottawa.
• Atlantic Provinces (Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island): English is spoken by the vast majority of residents.

French-dominant and bilingual regions

• Quebec: French is the official language of the province, and most residents speak French as their first language. English is spoken in some communities, particularly in Montreal and among expat populations, but French is essential for full participation in local life.
• New Brunswick: Canada’s only officially bilingual province, with significant French-speaking communities, especially in the north and east.
• Eastern Ontario and parts of Manitoba: These areas have vibrant Francophone communities, and you may encounter French in schools, businesses, and public services.

Quebec’s French requirements: What U.S. expats need to know

Quebec stands out in Canada for its strong commitment to the French language. The province’s Charter of the French Language (often called Bill 101) establishes French as the official language of government, business, and education. Here’s what U.S. expats should keep in mind if Quebec is your destination:

Language in daily life

• Public services: Most government services, healthcare, and education are conducted in French. Some services are available in English, especially in larger cities, but French is the default.
• Workplace: Many employers require at least basic French proficiency, and some jobs—especially in the public sector—demand fluency.
• Schooling: Public schools generally teach in French. English-language schools are available, but access is limited by eligibility rules (often based on parents’ education or residency status).

Legal and practical considerations

• Business: If you plan to start a business, all signage, advertising, and customer communications must be in French. Bilingualism is encouraged, but French must be prominent.
• Immigration: Some immigration programs for Quebec may require proof of French language skills.

Support for English speakers

While adapting to a French-speaking environment can feel daunting, Quebec’s major cities—especially Montreal—have vibrant English-speaking communities and resources to help newcomers adjust. Many expats find that learning even basic French phrases goes a long way in building connections and feeling at home.

Ready to make your move? Get expert tax help for U.S. expats in Canada

Relocating to Canada is a big step, and understanding what languages are spoken in Canada is just one piece of the puzzle. Navigating cross-border taxes can be even more complex—but you don’t have to do it alone. Our team of friendly, knowledgeable expat tax professionals is here to guide you every step of the way, so you can focus on settling in and enjoying your new Canadian adventure.

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