What Americans Living in Belgium Need to Know in 2025

Living in Belgium offers a rich cultural experience, but as an American expatriate, it’s crucial to understand your tax obligations both in the U.S. and Belgium. Navigating the complexities of dual taxation can be challenging, but with the right information, you can ensure compliance and optimize your financial situation.

Americans living in Belgium: Visa types

As an American citizen seeking permanent residency in Belgium, it’s essential to understand the various visa options available. Below are the primary permanent residency permits tailored for non-EU nationals:

Type B Card

Who it’s for: Non-EU nationals who have legally resided and worked in Belgium for five consecutive years.

Overview: The Type B card grants permanent residency, allowing holders to reside indefinitely in Belgium. It is valid for five years and can be renewed. Holders are registered in the foreigner’s registry and can leave Belgium for up to one year without losing residency rights.

Requirements:

• Continuous legal residence and employment in Belgium for five years.
• Compliance with Belgian immigration laws during the residency period.

Type K Card

Who it’s for: Non-EU nationals who have held a Type B card and seek enhanced residency rights.

Overview: The Type K card offers long-term residency with benefits akin to those of Belgian citizens, including access to certain social assistance programs. Holders are registered in the local residents’ register. The card is valid for five years and is renewable.

Requirements:

• Possession of a valid Type B card.
• Demonstrated integration into Belgian society, which may include language proficiency in the local commune’s language (Dutch, French, or German).

Type L Card

Who it’s for: Non-EU nationals seeking long-term residency with the flexibility to reside in other EU member states.

Overview: The Type L card provides extended residency rights in Belgium and allows holders to reside in other EU countries for up to six years. It is valid for five years and is renewable. Holders are registered in the local population register.

Requirements:

• Continuous legal residence in Belgium for five years.
• Minimum monthly income of €883 for the applicant, plus €264 for each dependent.
• Comprehensive health insurance coverage.

Navigating the Belgian residency process can be complex, but understanding these visa types is a crucial step toward establishing permanent residency. It’s advisable to consult with Belgian immigration authorities or a legal expert to ensure you meet all specific requirements and to receive personalized guidance.

How to apply for a Belgian visa as a U.S. citizen

Navigating the Belgian visa process as an American involves several important steps. Here’s a clear breakdown of what you’ll need to do:

1. Determine your visa type

Identify which permit (Type B, K, or L card) matches your situation and long-term goals in Belgium. Review the eligibility criteria carefully.

2. Gather required documents

Typical documents include:

• A valid U.S. passport
• Proof of legal residence in Belgium (if already there)
• Proof of income and employment
• Health insurance coverage
• Evidence of language skills (for Type K)
• Proof of integration or community participation (if needed)

3. Submit your application

File your application at the local Belgian commune (town hall) if you’re already in Belgium, or at the Belgian consulate in the U.S. if applying from abroad. Be sure to provide all supporting documents and pay the application fee.

4. Attend an interview (if required)

You may be called to attend an interview or provide biometric data (fingerprints and a photo).

5. Wait for a decision

Processing times can vary, but you’ll be notified when a decision is made. If approved, you’ll receive your residency card.

6. Register locally

Once in Belgium, register with your local commune to complete the residency process and receive your official card.

Healthcare options for Americans living in Belgium

Navigating healthcare as an American in Belgium can feel daunting at first, but understanding your options will help you feel more at ease. Belgium’s system is known for its high quality and accessibility, but it does work differently from what you may be used to in the U.S.

How the Belgian healthcare system works

• Belgium operates a universal, publicly funded healthcare system, mainly through a social security model.
• Residents, including expats, are required to enroll in a mutuelle (health insurance fund). This is similar to joining an HMO or PPO in the U.S., but participation is mandatory.
• The system is funded through a combination of employee and employer social security contributions, as well as patient co-payments.

Healthcare options for Americans living in Belgium

As an American expat, you have a few options to access care:

• Public health insurance: Once registered as a resident, you’ll join a mutuelle, which covers most medical costs, including doctor visits, hospital stays, and prescriptions. You’ll typically pay a small co-payment at the point of care.
• Supplemental insurance: Many people, locals and expats alike, purchase additional private insurance to cover services not fully reimbursed by the public system, such as private room stays or extra dental care.
• Private healthcare: You can choose to see private doctors or use private clinics, but most providers work within the public system, and costs are generally reimbursed.

Pros and cons of healthcare for American expats living in Belgium

Pros:

• High-quality care and modern facilities.
• Affordable costs compared to the U.S.—no surprise bills.
• Straightforward access once you’re a registered resident.
• Wide choice of English-speaking providers in major cities.

Cons:

• The system may feel bureaucratic at times, especially during registration.
• Upfront payments are common—you’re reimbursed later by your mutuelle.
• Wait times for some specialist services.
• Fewer choices for private insurance compared to the U.S.

Understanding these differences helps you prepare for a smooth transition and ensures you can access the care you need while living in Belgium.

Cost of living for American expats living in Belgium

Adjusting to the cost of living in Belgium can come as a surprise—sometimes pleasant, sometimes challenging. While you might find some things more affordable than in the U.S., other expenses could feel higher or just unfamiliar. Here’s a side-by-side look at what you can expect as you settle in.

Expense	Belgium (Brussels, avg.)	United States (NYC, avg.)	Notes/Comparison
Groceries	$350–$450/month	$500–$700/month	Fresh produce, bread, and dairy are often less expensive in Belgium. Imported goods may cost more.
Housing	$1,100–$1,700/month (1BR apt)	$2,800–$4,000/month (1BR apt)	Major cities in Belgium are much more affordable than NYC; smaller Belgian cities are even less.
Transport	$55–$65/month (public transit)	$127/month (MetroCard)	Public transit is reliable and affordable in Belgium; car ownership is less common in cities.
Phone plan	$20–$35/month (SIM-only, 5GB+)	$50–$80/month	SIM-only plans in Belgium are a bargain compared to typical U.S. plans.

Exchange rates and local economic factors can cause variation; these figures are for general guidance (2024 rates).

Pros and cons of cost of living in Belgium for Americans

Pros:

• Affordable healthcare and public transit free up more of your monthly budget.
• Lower housing costs (especially outside Brussels) than in most major U.S. cities.
• Quality of life: Frequent local markets, walkable cities, robust cycling culture, and excellent public amenities.
• Lower phone/internet costs compared to the U.S.

Cons:

• Groceries: Some familiar American brands or products can be pricey or hard to find.
• Utilities and internet: These can be higher than you expect, especially in older buildings.
• Income tax and social charges: Belgian tax rates are generally higher than in the U.S., though they fund public services.
• Initial setup costs: Deposits, agency fees, and household basics can add up when you first arrive.

Adapting to a new cost structure isn’t just about numbers—it’s about your peace of mind. Comparing your expected expenses helps you budget smarter and avoid surprises, so you can enjoy your Belgian adventure with confidence.

Where do American expats tend to live in Belgium?

While Americans can be found across Belgium, certain cities and neighborhoods have become especially popular:

• Brussels: Home to many international organizations—including the European Union and NATO—Brussels attracts the largest community of American expats. Ixelles, Etterbeek, and Woluwe-Saint-Pierre are favored for their international schools, green spaces, and vibrant expat life.
• Antwerp: Known for its creative industries and port economy, Antwerp draws professionals and families alike. Expats often settle in neighborhoods like Zuid and Het Eilandje for their blend of historic charm and modern amenities.
• Ghent: With its lively student population and focus on arts and sustainability, Ghent appeals to younger expats, academics, and those seeking a smaller-city feel with big-city conveniences.
• Leuven: As a renowned university town, Leuven attracts American students, researchers, and academic professionals. The city’s compact center and welcoming atmosphere make it easy to settle in and connect with others.

Tax implications for Americans living in Belgium

Navigating taxes as an American in Belgium can feel overwhelming, especially when you’re juggling two tax systems at once. The good news is, with the right guidance, you can avoid costly mistakes and ensure full compliance—without losing sleep at night. Let’s break down what you need to know about your tax obligations as an American expat in Belgium.

American expats tax obligations

Living abroad doesn’t cut your ties to the IRS. As an American living in Belgium, you’ll still have certain tax responsibilities back home, as well as new considerations in your host country. Here’s what you need to know, step by step:

Filing U.S. tax returns

No matter where you live, the United States requires citizens and green card holders to file an annual federal tax return if they meet the minimum income threshold—even if all your income is earned in Belgium. This applies to you whether you’re a salaried employee, self-employed, or retired.

• Deadlines: The standard tax deadline is April 15, but Americans abroad get an automatic extension to June 15. You can request a further extension to October 15 if needed.
• What you’ll need: Gather your Belgian income statements, any U.S.-based income, and documentation of foreign taxes paid.

We recommend keeping detailed records throughout the year to make filing easier and avoid last-minute stress.

Belgian taxes

As a resident of Belgium, you’re also required to file a Belgian tax return and pay taxes on your worldwide income—just as you would in the U.S. Belgium generally considers you a tax resident if your main home (“center of life”) is there.

• Belgian tax year: The tax year aligns with the calendar year, and returns are usually due in the summer.
• Income types: This includes salary, self-employment income, rental income, and certain investment earnings.

Belgian tax rates are progressive and can be higher than what you’re used to in the U.S., so it’s crucial to plan for this change.

Foreign Earned Income Exclusion (FEIE)

The Foreign Earned Income Exclusion is a lifeline for many expats. It allows you to exclude up to $130,000 (for tax year 2025; this amount adjusts annually for inflation) of foreign-earned income from your U.S. taxable income.

• Qualifying: You must meet either the Physical Presence Test (living outside the U.S. for at least 330 days in a 12-month period) or the Bona Fide Residence Test (establishing residency in Belgium for an entire tax year).
• How it helps: By excluding a chunk of your Belgian income, you can often reduce or even eliminate your U.S. tax bill.

However, this exclusion doesn’t apply to all income types (like investment income), so it’s important to map out your sources of income. 

Foreign Tax Credit (FTC)

If you’re paying Belgian income tax, you can often offset your U.S. tax liability with the Foreign Tax Credit. This is particularly helpful if your Belgian taxes are higher than what you’d pay in the U.S.

• How it works: For every dollar you pay in Belgian income tax, you can claim a credit against your U.S. tax bill, preventing double taxation.
• Strategy tip: Sometimes it’s better to claim the Foreign Tax Credit instead of the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion, especially if your income is above the FEIE cap or comes from multiple sources.

Tax treaty

The United States and Belgium have a bilateral tax treaty designed to clarify which country gets to tax certain types of income, such as pensions, dividends, and royalties.

• What it covers: The treaty can help prevent double taxation and provide clarity on things like Social Security benefits and student income.
• Limitations: Not all income types are covered, and you generally need to file IRS Form 8833 if you claim treaty benefits.

Reporting foreign bank accounts (FBAR and FATCA)

If you have financial accounts in Belgium (including bank accounts, investment accounts, or even certain pension accounts), you may need to report them to the U.S. Treasury—separate from your tax return.

• FBAR: If the total value of your foreign financial accounts exceeds $10,000 at any point during the year, you must file FinCEN Form 114 (FBAR). 
• FATCA: If your accounts exceed higher thresholds (e.g., $200,000 for single filers living abroad), you must also report them on IRS Form 8938.

Penalties for missing these filings can be severe, so don’t overlook this step.

Social Security

Your Social Security obligations depend on your work situation in Belgium:

• U.S. employees working for a U.S. company: You may still pay into the U.S. Social Security system.
• Employees of Belgian companies: Typically, you’ll pay into the Belgian social security system.
• Totalization agreement: The U.S. and Belgium have an agreement to ensure you don’t pay into both systems for the same work and to help you qualify for benefits in both countries.

If you’re self-employed, your social security contributions may be subject to special rules under the treaty—another area where tailored advice is invaluable.Ready to take the next step? Don’t leave your financial well-being to chance—reach out to our expert tax team today for guidance tailored to your needs. Let us help you make informed decisions and achieve your goals with confidence!

Frequently Asked Questions